Automatisierungstechnik-Wirtschaft
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Breweries employ numerous heat-giving processes, especially during brewing and fermentation, so most breweries have industrial ammonia refrigeration plants, which work like classic refrigeration units. There, the gaseous ammonia gets compressed, condensed, and distributed to the applications where heat has to be taken out off. Here an expansion valve reduces pressure so the liquid ammonia can absorb the heat from the process fluid to be cooled, evaporating the liquid ammonia. At this point, the ammonia, carrying latent and sensible heat, is sucked back to the compressors, and the cycle begins again.
This thesis analyses the ammonia refrigeration plant of the brewery Göss, one of the largest breweries in Austria, which requires about 20% of electrical energy and consumes nearly one quarter of the brewery’s water usage. Currently, rising energy costs necessitate making the refrigeration plant more efficient. Hence, research should investigate the future cooling capacity load of the plant to discover how to make the cooling process operate more efficient. To discover how the system operates, this thesis elaborates on the basic theoretical foundation of refrigeration plants and their thermodynamic fundamental principle.
To create the mentioned forecast, this study examines process recordings and evaluations of the main consumers cooling demand. These selected apparatuses are the external beer cooler, the brew water cooler for cooling the hot wort, which is the beer mixture before the fermentation and the fermentation process itself in two different types of tanks. Using these data, the researcher creates abstracted load forecasts for these consumers to control the delivering pumps of liquid ammonia to the right amount of mass flow.
Subsequently, the process recordings of the fermentation tanks are divided into four different process phases. These stages need various quantities of cooling fluid, and the last stage, the main cooling and draining phase, requires the largest amount of liquid ammonia delivered. Finally, the external beer cooler and brew water cooler are investigated as recurring and evenly ongoing processes so that they are predictable in the cooling load.
In closing, the researched recordings provide an overview and abstracted view of the cooling load required by the selected consumers. Additionally, further investigation could investigate the possibility of controlling distributing pumps to deliver the sufficient amount of refrigerant medium, at the right time, in a more efficient way.
Setting up a measurement system capable of automatically measuring low resistance plated via holes of unpopulated circuit boards during a reliability test is the goal of this thesis. It should be possible to carry out up to 30 resistance measurements at the same time, while the circuit boards are stored in a climatic chamber to carry out a thermal cycling test. In addition, the measuring system must provide a measuring current of 1A trough the plated via holes. The focus was to find a suitable low resistance measurement method and an appropriate circuit scheme for switching between several circuit boards. In addition, attention was paid to scalability to increase the number of measurements if necessary. Furthermore, a user interface should simplify and track the control of the measurement. During the investigation, the constant-current method combined with the four-wire measurement method is best suitable for the use case, as shown in Section 2.1 and Section 3.2. The constant-current method was implemented with an external current source and a voltmeter, as described in Subsection 2.1.1. The voltage drop across the plated via holes, which occurs because of the provided current flow of the constant current source, is measured with the voltmeter. The current in series to all DUTs circuit switching applications was chosen to implement the measurement system, as explained in Paragraph 6.1.1.1. Due to the measurement methods and circuit applications investigated in the thesis as well as the practical presentation of the measurement system, it is possible to carry out automated low resistance measurements on plated via holes of circuit boards.
Magnetic angle position sensors have proved popular over the last decade. Because of their robustness they have prevailed as standard in a large variety of applications in the automotive, industry, consumer and medical area. Application examples in these areas include: throttle pedals, sewing machines, smartwatches and special surgery tools. Magnetic angle position sensors consist of an integrated circuit and a permanent magnet which serves as signal source and is attached to an object whose position needs to be sensed. The optimization of magnetic angle position sensors, in order to achieve high performance at low cost is complex. This thesis aims to solve these issues with a simulation-based approach. In general, the simulation of magnetic position sensors is complicated by several factors, therefore it requires expensive tools which are difficult to master and to use. These difficulties are overcome by a software called POS-Simulator. One part of the software is installed on the user's PC, which connects to a webserver where the other parts of the software are installed. All simulations are performed on the webserver. The simulation results are sent back to the user after the simulation has been completed. The simplicity of the POS-Simulator is attained by its high degree of specialization to the customer's needs. The POS-Simulator enables customers to design and verify the operation of position sensor systems within hours instead of several weeks. The simulation results have been verified by measurements where correlation with simulations was remarkably good. The accuracy of the simulation results is high enough to enable the optimization of applications and to predict their expected errors.
The active part of a transformer consists primarily of the core and the winding blocks. By definition, the active part includes all of the components that lead a current or are energized by an electromagnetic field and are required to transform the voltage from a higher level to a lower level or vice versa. A winding block consists of the winding itself, insulation materials and the clamping ring. Clamping rings that are located at the top of winding blocks consist of cellulose fibers. These rings are necessary in order to sustain the clamping force on the windings during operation so that a transformer can withstand high forces in case of short circuits or power line faults. Due to recent changes in the supplier’s production process, these clamping rings sometimes break during the transformers’ manufacturing process. Such breakages result in high costs. The aim of this study is to therefore identify the reasons behind the mechanical failure of clamping rings during the manufacturing process – when the clamping force is applied – in order to avoid future failure of these elements. For this purpose, a material model was developed to analyze the stress states which cause the clamping rings to fail. Furthermore, strength tests were conducted on the clamping ring material itself in order to establish the mechanical strengths. Numerous effects had to be considered since the material consisting of cellulose fibers exhibits a complex material behavior. The result of this study is an orthotropic material model which can be used to analyze stress states in clamping rings when the clamping force is applied. By comparing the simulated stress states to the established strengths, the limitations could be identified. As a result of identifying the critical stress states inside the clamping rings during the manufacturing process, measures can be derived and analyzed in order to generate a safe design for these components. In order to reduce mechanical stresses inside of the clamping rings during the clamping process, it is recommended that clamping base plates be designed and the alignment of the hydraulic jacks be modified.
Beehive Tracker
(2019)
Bees are arguably the single-most important pollinator to agriculture, although the honeybee stock has decreased by almost 50% in the last decade. Most of the commercially operated beehives are placed in remote areas, where theft of those beehives is a huge issue for beekeepers. This thesis examines the optimal conditions a beehive needs to survive and to produce honey, as well as how to measure those conditions and how to keep track of a beehive. Therefore, a prototype device was built to be placed inside the beehive to measure temperature, humidity, weight, and the GPS position. A battery system was developed to keep the device powered for up to six months. To be able to monitor those devices remotely a mobile connection to a cloud server was established. This cloud server provides a graphical user interface for easy access to the uploaded data of the beehive, and raises alarms if theft is detected.
This master thesis explores the technological fundamentals of lighting networks, represented by wired and wireless communication principles. Amongst the first considerations, linked to lighting control systems is the question of why to have it, therefore the first chapter focuses on the numerous advantages and possibilities which are provided by the use of smart lighting. Presence detection, brightness control loops or colour temperature adjustments are only some of the helpful enrichments users and facility managers benefit from. To determine the further benefits of smart lighting systems, and far more important, to enable troubleshooting, a certain amount of background knowledge regarding signal transmission and wired networks is required. The past five years have shown a significantly increasing demand for wireless lighting systems. As a result, a huge number of proprietarily as well as standardized technologies have entered the market leading to an uncontrolled growth. This thesis enlightens a selection of promising wireless technologies and the main leading wired lighting control protocol for professional lighting: DMX. The high frequency field bus DMX is an area, which has frequently caused communication issues. The relatively high sensitivity for disturbances increases the probability for issues on commissioning due to constantly changing environmental influences. The aim of this thesis is to elaborate the impact of certain influences on the network, such as electromagnetic interferences or suboptimal electrical installation. A compact catalogue of executed tests and a summary of recommendations regarding installation, commissioning and the entire electrical surrounding of lighting networks is an appreciated outcome.
In the early stages of the conceptual and the design phases of a new product simulation is involved in the decision making process, even before any prototyping is done. This concept is so-called front loading. Designing a new turbocharger for example requires better understanding of the rotor-dynamics. Multi-body dynamics simulation (MBD) is a suitable tool to investigate phenomena, e.g. rotor imbalance, which has a vast impact on the durability of bushing bearings. Combining multi-body dynamics simulation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the CFD supplies important boundary conditions for MBD, which is a new simulation methodology investigated in this thesis. The simulation tool AVL FIRE M with its multi-material capability is being used for this investigation. One of the most important fields related to this objective is the heat transfer analysis with special focus on the thermal dynamics of the heat flow within the turbocharger. Since CFD simulation is already a well established tool in product development and especially in the component design phase, this novel simulation approach is offering an alternative method to the conventional fluid-solid coupling which is usually used to calculate temperature distribution in solid structure and stress analysis. This proposed approach represents the simulation of heat transfer within the turbocharger structure and its parts by considering the solid and fluid parts of the turbocharger as a multi-domain and multi-material simulation model. The theoretical part builds up the fundamentals to the engineering background and the physical modelling. Furthermore, the basic essentials of workflow and the general evaluation process are introduced, which should form a transition between engineering outcome, usablity and user’s acceptance of the novel simulation approach. In the evaluation part of the thesis the gathered results are presented and summarized. The engineering outcome as well as the workflow and methodology of such kind of simulations are discussed. Finally, the summary presents all pillars of the evaluation process and an additional outlook is given as a reflection of the presented workflow. It provides recommendations for further improvement and gives suggestions for future investigations. The presented methodology proves to be a next level approach in prediction of turbocharger simulation in the product development process.
The broiler breeder management farm Taucher manages three big poultry houses. These buildings accommodate chickens and roosters under the same roof. Instead of selling the eggs to the consumer, Taucher sells the fertilized eggs to another company, where the eggs are hatched with the help of artificial breeders. These eggs are of higher value than the non-fertilized eggs and are therefore more profitable. The result of this process are chicks, which are used as fattened chickens later. Each poultry house from the agricultural holding is accessed by a central control system, which is responsible for the living and environmental conditions of the poultry animals in the henhouses. Mr. Josef Taucher, the owner of the farm, built another henhouse that is newer and bigger than the old ones. As he was not satisfied with his existing management system for the old henhouses, he was in demand of a newer, better control system. The main reason for that is that the old system is very complex, not very user friendly and has limited adjustment options. Therefore, it is not possible to create optimal living conditions for the poultry animals in his existing henhouse and the profit cannot be maximized. The goal of this thesis was to develop a concept of an automated broiler breeder management building and to implement this concept in the new henhouse. This control system is responsible for the climate, feeding, lighting, egg-collection and water control system. Moreover, the new developed control system will improve the egg laying performance, which generates a higher profit for the farmer. The result of this work is a better working control system for the broiler breeder building. It is easier to understand, yet it offers a more powerful interface for the farmer. The customized design of the user interface was developed together with the operator and enables a high usability and a comfortable handling of the system.
It is a known fact, that more and more people are spending a big part of their lifetime sitting at a static workplace. It is also known, that this leads to injuries like disturbed blood flow, neck pain or even damage of the spine. Currently a rising number of workplaces is getting smarter. They offer the ability to be adjusted in height and to get connected closer to the user. People working at such workplaces simply need to get used to that functionality and the positive effects on their personal health. The challenge is that currently there is no ideal interface between the user and the workplace. One idea to solve this issue is to use standard smartwatches, which are worn by the user and are able to interact with the intelligent work environment. The aim of this thesis is to find ways, how standard smartwatches can be integrated into an intelligent office environment. The main focus of the thesis is to create a foundation for further developments in that field. Therefore a target system is defined and a system architecture is built upon that. In correlation to the target system the toolchain is set up and the integration is realized through exemplary implementations. These implementations were also tested and verified by a defined group of people. The exemplary implementations show, that an integration of smartwatches into intelligent work environments is possible from a technical standpoint. Next to that, a defined group of people conduct tests with the smartwatches. The survey, which has to be done by the group after the tests, showed that smartwatches bring many challenges in terms of haptics, usability and availability. It is planned to continue the developments in the field of smartwatches and their sensors to finally create a real added value for users of intelligent work environments.